Prejudice and Justice System

I believe that prejudice exists in the criminal justice system. Numerous studies have evidence that have shown prejudice on defendants of color. Social scientists conclude that compared to white defendants, minority groups face a greater chance of prison and severe sentences for identical offenses (Killing With Prejudice). Nearly 51 percent of individuals in a study conducted in Philadelphia, believe that police are more likely to use excessive force against black or Hispanic suspects than white suspects.Minorities are more likely to be victims of police brutality. Not only are minorities treated poorly but also numbers of minorities are sent to trail for non-violent crimes because of discrimination (Racial Discrimination). Of the nearly 2. 1 million adult men and women imprisoned in the United States, roughly 70% are persons of color. People of color are imprisoned disproportionately due to racist laws, and are harassed and mistreated by U.S. agencies. Although people of color commi t most crimes at the same rate as Whites, the unequal targeting and treatment of people of color throughout the criminal justice system, from arrest to sentencing, results in the disproportionate imprisonment of people of color (System as Racist). Hispanics and Blacks who have no criminal record are far more likely to be sentenced than White defendants with no criminal record.Hispanics are twice as likely as Whites to face prison time instead of probation, a fine, or time in a county jail (Racial Prejudice). Blacks are more likely to be sentenced to prison for the same crime than Whites. One third of people of color sentenced to prison would have received a shorter sentence if they had been treated in court the same way as White defendants facing similar charges (System as Racist).

Acid-Base Indicator Definition and Examples

Acids In chemistry and cooking, many substances dissolve in water to make it either acidic or basic/alkaline. A basic solution has a pH greater than 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7. Aqueous solutions with a pH of 7 are considered to be neutral. Acid-base indicators are substances used to determine roughly where a solution falls on the pH scale. Acid-Base Indicator  Definition An acid-base indicator is either a weak acid or weak base that exhibits a color change as the concentration of hydrogen (H) or hydroxide (OH-) ions changes in an aqueous solution. Acid-base indicators are most often used in a titration to identify the endpoint of an acid-base reaction. They are also used to gauge pH values and for interesting color-change science demonstrations. Also Known As: pH indicator Acids Perhaps the best known pH indicator is litmus.  Thymol Blue, Phenol Red and Methyl Orange are all common acid-base indicators. Red cabbage can also be used as an acid-base indicator. How an Acid-Base Indicator Works If the indicator is a weak acid, the acid and its conjugate base are different colors. If the indicator is a weak base, the base and its conjugate acid display different colors. For a weak acid indicator with the genera formula HIn, equilibrium is reached in the solution according to the chemical equation: HIn(aq) H2O(l) ↔ In-(aq) H3O(aq) HIn(aq) is the acid, which is a different color from the base In-(aq). When the pH is low, the concentration of the hydronium ion H3O is high and equilibrium is toward the left, producing the color A. At high pH, the concentration of H3O is low, so equilibrium tends toward the right side of the equation and color B is displayed. An example of a weak acid indicator is phenolphthalein, which is colorless as a weak acid, but dissociates in water to form a magenta or red-purple anion. In an acidic solution, equilibrium is to the left, so the solution is colorless (too little magenta anion to be visible), but as pH increases, the equilibrium shifts to the right and the magenta color is visible. The equilibrium constant for the reaction may be determined using the equation: KIn [H3O][In-] / [HIn] where KIn is the indicator dissociation constant. The color change occurs at the point where the concentration of the acid and anion base are equal: [HIn] [In-] which is the point where half of the indicator is in acid form and the other half is its conjugate base. Universal Indicator Definition A particular type of acid-base indicator is a universal indicator, which is a mixture of multiple indicators that gradually changes color over a wide pH range. The indicators are chosen so mixing a few drops with a solution will produce a color that can be associated with an approximate pH value. Table of Common pH Indicators Several plants and household chemicals can be used as pH indicators, but in a lab setting, these are the most common chemicals used as indicators: Indicator Acid Color Base Color pH Range pKIn thymol blue (first change) red yellow 1.2 - 2.8 1.5 methyl orange red yellow 3.2 - 4.4 3.7 bromocresol green yellow blue 3.8 - 5.4 4.7 methyl red yellow red 4.8 - 6.0 5.1 bromothymol blue yellow blue 6.0 - 7.6 7.0 phenol red yellow red 6.8- 8.4 7.9 thymol blue (second change) yellow blue 8.0 - 9.6 8.9 phenolphthalein colorless magenta 8.2 -10.0 9.4 The acid and base colors are relative. Also note some popular indicators display more than one color change as the weak acid or weak base dissociates more than once. Acid-Base Indicators Key Takeaways Acid-base indicators are chemicals used to determine whether an aqueous solution is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. Because acidity and alkalinity relate to pH, they may also be known as pH indicators.Examples of acid-base indicators include litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and red cabbage juice.An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or weak base that dissociates in water to yield the weak acid and its conjugate base or else the weak base and its conjugate acid. The species and its conjugate have different colors.The point at which an indicator changes colors is different for each chemical. There is a pH range over which the indicator is useful. So, the indicator that might be good for one solution might be a poor choice to test another solution.Some indicators cant actually identify acids or bases, but can only tell you the approximate pH of an acid or a base. For example, methyl orange only works at an acidic pH. It would be the same color above a certain pH (acidic) and also at neutral and alkaline values.

Cam Profile Essays

Cam Profile Essays Cam Profile Paper Cam Profile Paper {text:bookmark-start} {draw:frame} TERMPAPER of PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED By- Name- Gurpreet Singh Class- Mech. Diploma {B-Tech 6yrs} Section- Rj0708 Roll No. Rj0708x30 Reg. No. 4180070122 INRIDUCTION {text:bookmark-start} A Simple Experiment: What is a Cam? {text:bookmark-end} {draw:frame} Simple Cam experiment Take a pencil and a book to do an experiment as shown above. Make the book an inclined plane and use the pencil as a slider (use your hand as a guide). When you move the book smoothly upward, what happens to the pencil? It will be pushed up along the guide. By this method, you have transformed one motion into another motion by a very simple device. This is the basic idea of a cam. By rotating the cams in the figure below, the bars will have either translational or oscillatory motion. Task Basic Principle Graphical Layout of Cam Profiles Simulation Task The task is too determining the exact shape of the cam. Surface required to dwliver a specified follower motion, we assume here that the reqired motion has been completely determine,,,, graphically as well as analytically. We will only address the case of plate cams. Basic principle In constructing the cam profile, we employ the principle of kinematic inversion, imagining the cam to be stationary and allowing the follower to rotate apposite to the direction of cam rotation. Talking the cam with knife-edge follower for example, the locus generated by the trace point as the follower moves relative to the cam is identical to cam surface. By this way cam surface can be figured out. GRAPHICAL LAYOUT OF CAM PROFILE For the case of reciprocating knife-edge follower {draw:frame} As shown in figure the displacement diagram of follower is given s=s. onstruct the plate cam profile. For the case of reciprocating knife-edge follower {draw:frame} Step 1; divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segments. Step 2:- divide the prime circle into corresponding segments. Step 3:- transfer distances, by means of dividers, from the displacement diagram directly onto the Cam layout to locate the corresponding positions of the trace point. For the case of reciprocating knife-edge follower {draw:frame} Step 4:- draw the smooth curve through these points. The curve is just the required cam profile. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower {draw:frame} As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower is given S=S. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower Construct the plate cam profile. {draw:frame} Step 1:- construct the prime circle with radius ro. step 2 ;- construct the offset circle with radius equal to the amount of offset e. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower {draw:frame} Step 3:- Divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segments. Srep4: Divide the offset circle into corresponding segments and assign station number to the boundaries of these segments. Step 5:- Construct lines tangent to the offset circle from these station, dividing the prime circle into corresponding segments Step 6:- Transfer distances, by mean of dividers, from the displacement diagram directoly onto the cam layout to locate the corresponding positions of the trace point, always measuring outward from the prime circle. For the reciprocating flat-face follower {draw:frame} As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower is given, S=S. Construct the plate cam profile Step 1; Divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segments. Step 2:- Divide the prime circle into corresponding segments. Step 3:- Transfer distances from the from the displacements diagram directly onto the cam layout. Step 4:- Construct a line representing the flat face of the follower in each position. Step 5:- construct a smooth curve tangent to all follower positions. This curve is required cam profile For the case of oscillating follower As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower, radious of prime circle, and follower length are given. draw:frame} Construct the plate cam profile Step 1:- Divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segment. Seep 2:- Draw a circle about camshaft center O with radius OA. Step 3:- Divide the circle and give the station number correspond to the displacement diagram. {draw:frame} Step 4; Draw arcs about each of these centers, all with equal radial corresponding to the l ength of follower. Step 5:- Calculate the angular displacement at each station traveled by the follower. Step 6; Measure outward along the arc from the prime circle to locate trace point at each Station. draw:frame} Step 7:- construct a smooth curve through these points. The curve is just the required cam profile. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower is given. S=S. The offset distances e, radius of prime r, are also known. Formulate the equation of plate cam profile. {draw:frame} Step 1:- Equation prime curve circle, offset circle, and the initial position of the follower. Draw prime circle, offset circle, and the initial position of the follower. Define the Cartesian coordinate system O-xy. Rotate the follower backward arbitrary angle around the camshaft center O. {draw:frame} Determine the coordinate (x,y) of trace point B. The synthesis results can be validated by simulation. Here is an example. The simulation is done with software ADAMS/VIEW. Example : Design a plate cam profile, as shown in below. {draw:frame} Knowing: the cam profile rotates with constant angular velocity in clockwise. The radius prome circle ro=30mm. the knife-edge follower rises with uniform motion, and the lift is 50mm during which the rotates 180’. Then the follower dwells during which the cam rotates 60’. With cam rotating 120’ to complete the work cycle, the follower returns to its initial position with paraboric motion. {draw:frame} Follower displacement: Solid dark line- actual displacement Dash linegiven displacement {draw:frame} Simulation shows that the error b/w the actual follower displacement and given follower displacement varies, but the maximum absolute error is 0. 3747mm. The error is brought by step lenth of programming and simulation and is accepatable. Therefore the the synthesis result is proved to be correct.

Microceratops - Facts and Figures

Microceratops - Facts and Figures Name: Microceratops (Greek for small horned face); pronounced MIKE-roe-SEH-rah-tops; also known as Microceratus Habitat: Woodlands of central Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 15-20 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Tiny size; occasional bipedal posture; small frill on head About Microceratops First things first: the dinosaur most people know as Microceratops underwent a name change in 2008, to the slightly less snazzy-sounding Microceratus. The reason is that (unbeknownst to the dinosaur paleontology community) the name Microceratops had already been assigned to a genus of wasp, and the classification rules say that no two creatures, no matter how different, no matter if one is alive and the other is extinct, can have the same genus name. (This is the same principle that led to Brontosaurus having its name changed to Apatosaurus a few decades back.) Whatever you choose to call it, the 20-pound Microceratops was almost certainly the smallest ceratopsian, or horned, frilled dinosaur, that ever lived, outweighed even by the middle Cretaceous Psittacosaurus, which lay near the root of the ceratopsian family tree. Remarkably, just like its distant ancestor from tens of millions of years back, Microceratops seems to have walked on two legsthat, and its unusually tiny frill, making it a far cry from the normal ceratopsians with which it coexisted, like Triceratops and Styracosaurus. (You should bear in mind, though, that Microceratops was diagnosed on the basis of very limited fossil remains, so theres still a lot we dont know about this dinosaur!)

To what Extend can a Measure of National Income (GDP) Give an Coursework

To what Extend can a Measure of National Income (GDP) Give an Indication on How Well a Population is Doing - Coursework Example These assumptions and suggestions from both sides will be analyzed as to which side is actually more capable to justify their stance. David Cameron, the British prime minister, stated at near the end of 2010 that happiness cannot be measured by money and that it was time when the humans gained some maturity and realize that money is not the most important thing in life and there are other factors such as family, culture and relationships which influence the happiness of a person (Stratton, 2010). What Mr. David Cameron and his advisors suggest here that rather than GDP, the Gross National Happiness (GNP) is a more accurate measure of the people’s happiness. The concept of GNH or Gross National Happiness was first introduced in 1972 by the Bhutanese King, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who coined this term in an effort to ensure that the society was truly happy from inside and not just motivated by money. Research then started on this topic and there were several suggestions which com bined to form the satisfaction and happiness in a person’s life. ... forums, it has been argued that money is not the only contributing factor to wellness and happiness, but they admit that it is one of the most important factors. The argument, that there are more important things in life that contributes to the true development of humans, is based upon the simple observation that the richest countries in the world are not necessarily the happiest. Philippines is not a very rich country and their gross domestic product per capita is considered at around $3500 which makes it clear that there are economies and nations who have much higher GDP per capita than that of Philippines. If GDP would really have been the only contributor in the wellness and happiness of a person, then there would have been much happier nations around than Philippines. However, this is not true because the Filipinos are considered to be one of the happiest nations in the world and they are always smiling around very much satisfied with their life. The main reason of the happiness and satisfaction of their life despite their low GDP is the culture and the presence of their families. Philippines have a very collectivist lifestyle and they like to live with their families and prefer their own culture rather than adopting it from outside their community. When they get this culture, it is only fitting that they are happy in what they have. (Cassandra, 2010) Figure 1: United Kingdom GDP Growth Rate (Trading Economics, n.d.) The figure above, Figure 1, shows the changes in the gross domestic product in United Kingdom in the year 2011. The graph shows that the there were fluctuations in the GDP growth rate throughout the different quarters of financial year 2011-12. However, this does not necessarily means that the happiness and well being of the UK population was also

489 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

489 - Assignment Example kills was but the only choice available for me not only to add value to my career as an accountant, but to be able to meet the modern error challenges head-on. I went back to class to be able to unravel what I was not able to do, and so exploit my potential to the bream, for nothing is degrading as using borrowed skills again and again, yet it is within reach. Uncle Sam: Well, I am an accountant, and it would not make sense to deviate that much at stage of my career. I am taking advanced accounting mathematics applications using modern computing technology. It is rigorous, serious, and more importantly, transformative to what I have. I simply love it. Uncle Sam: Adult Education is but a discipline in its own right, and that its methodology is perfectly befitting for adult learners only. I am a professional with unique set of skills, and so whatever information received is but an add-on to those in stock. It is different and unique because unlike a child, I know for sure that my learning must to be meaningful, and complementary to the numerous experiences I have had so far. To reiterate, my learning is well informed with a transitory need to perform certain, specific tasks in furtherance to the information already in stock. The skills passed on to us are basically tailored on solving problems, and real problems for that matter, and not necessarily on content per se. It is also important to note that unlike it was in childhood, I am intrinsically motivated to learn, and that my participation in learning activities are basically voluntary. No one pushes me to go to school. I get it from my inner self, and so largely self-directed. I have a specific mission to achieve, with past experiences coming in handy at certain crucial times. Accordingly, there is always that capacity to think critically and/or transform ideas into workable solutions. A child basically copies what adults do, and so are my children as I was then. Their personalities hinges on mine and/or any

Three Religious Traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three Religious Traditions - Essay Example In a reflective analysis of the origin and history of all the three religious traditions, it becomes obvious that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam worship the same God. It is obvious that the God of Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac and Jacob has been worshiped by Jews, Muslims and Christians, though there is vital difference in the understanding of the nature of God in these religions. Thus, it becomes clear that Judaism which is historically the first to start off also provided the base for the monotheistic traditions of the other two religions. The history of Abraham in the three religions offer striking parallelism among these religions and the Judeo-Christian tradition believe that it was Isaac who was offered as a sacrifice to God while the Islam tradition claims that it was Ishmael. Whatever the truth of this may be, it is obvious that all these three religious traditions have the same origin and they share the faith in the same God, although named differently. Therefore, in a profound analysis of the history of origin and faith of the Christian, the Jewish, and the Islam traditions, I am greatly convinced that the Jews, Muslims and Christians all worship the same God. The religious traditions of the Christians, Jews, and Muslims have several elements in common as they are all monotheistic and have the same o